Cell Structure/Function
Locomotion:运动、行动
Inclusions:内含物、包涵物
Light Microscopy:光学显微镜
Bright-field:明视野
Phase contrast:相差
Dark-field:暗视野
Fluorescence:荧光
Magnification:放大率
Staining:染色聽 Increasing聽Contrast聽for聽Bright-Field聽Microscopy:提高明视野显微镜的对比效果聽 positively聽charged聽(cationic):带正电的(阳离子,正离子)聽 negatively聽charged:带负电的聽 polysaccharide:多糖聽 cationic聽dyes:阳离子染料聽 Methylene聽blue:亚甲蓝聽 Crystal聽violet:结晶紫聽 Safranin:番红聽 Differential聽stains-Gram聽stain:鉴别染色—格兰氏染色聽 Gram-positive:格兰氏阳性聽 Gram-negative:格兰氏阴性聽 ethanol聽decolorizing:乙醇脱色聽 refractive聽index:折射率聽 specimen:样品聽 scatter:分散,散射聽 chlorophyll聽(autofluorescence):叶绿素(自身荧光)聽 Three-Dimensional聽Imaging:三维成像聽 Drawbacks:限制,缺点聽 Differential聽Interference聽Contrast聽Microscopy聽(DIC):相差干涉显微镜聽 Nucleus:核聽 Eukaryotic聽cells:真核细胞聽 Spores:孢子、芽孢聽 Vacuole:液泡聽 Granule:颗粒聽 internal聽structure:内部结构聽 Atomic聽Force聽Microscopy聽(AFM):原子力显微镜聽 Fixatives:固定剂聽 Coatings:膜、层、覆盖物聽 Hydrated:水合物聽 Confocal聽Scanning聽Laser聽Microscopy聽(CSLM):聚焦扫描激光显微镜聽 Couples:连接,伴随聽 Habitat:生境聽 resolving聽power:分辨率聽 vacuum:真空聽 Transmission聽Electron聽Microscope聽(TEM):透射电子显微镜聽 thin聽sectioning,聽聽聽聽超薄切片聽 EM聽staining:电子显微镜染色聽 Scanning聽Electron聽Microscope聽(SEM):扫描电子显微镜聽 external聽features:外部特征聽 prokaryote:原核生物聽 Coccus聽(cocci):球菌聽 Rod:杆菌聽 Spirilla:螺菌聽 Spirochetes:螺旋体聽 Appendaged聽bacteria:附属细菌聽 Filamentous聽bacteria:丝状细菌聽 in聽general聽inversely聽proportional聽to聽cell聽size:从大体上说是于细胞大小成反聽 比的聽 nanobacteria:纳米细菌聽 precipitates:沉淀物聽 biofilms:生物膜聽 surface-to-volume聽(S/V)聽ratio聽表面积与体积比聽 Membrane聽Transport聽Systems:膜运输系统聽 Peptidoglycan:肽聚糖聽 outer聽Membrane:外膜聽 Glycerol聽backbone:甘油主键聽 fatty聽acids:脂肪酸聽 phosphate-containing聽groups-ester聽linkage:含有磷酸的基团—酯键聽 phospholipid聽bilayer:磷脂双分子层聽 hydrophobic:疏水的聽 hydrophilic:亲水的 phosphate聽group:磷酸基团聽 embedded:内嵌的聽 hydrophobic聽external聽surface聽spanning聽the聽membrane:疏水的外表面跨膜聽 hydrogen聽bonds:氢键聽 hydrophobic聽interaction:疏水相互作用聽 transverse:横切聽 fluid聽mosaic:流动镶嵌聽 Membrane聽Strengthening聽Agents:聽Sterols聽and聽Hopanoids:膜巩固剂:固醇和聽 类何帕烷聽 chemical聽composition:化学组分聽 methanotrophic:嗜甲烷细菌聽 mycoplasmas:支原体聽 exception:例外聽 side聽chains:侧链聽 isoprene:异戊二烯聽 Glycerol聽diethers:甘油二醚聽 glycerol聽tetraethers:甘油四醚聽 monolayers:单分子层聽 hyperthermophilic:极端嗜热聽 Permeability聽barrier:渗透屏障(透性障)聽 passive聽leakage:被动泄漏聽 Protein聽anchor:蛋白锚定聽 Energy聽conservation:能量贮存聽 Proton聽motive聽force:质子动力聽 Aquaporins:水通道蛋白聽 low聽osmotic聽conditions:低渗透势条件聽 hypo-osmotic聽shock:低渗透压休克聽 Simple聽diffusion:简单扩散聽 Carrier-mediated聽process:载体介导过程聽 Uptake:摄取、吸收聽 Saturated:饱和的聽 Symporter:同向运输蛋白聽 Uniporter:单向运输蛋白聽 Antiporters:逆向运输蛋白聽 Lac聽Permease:乳糖透过酶聽 Lactose:乳糖聽 Group聽translocation:基团转位 Phosphotransferase聽system:磷酸转移酶系统聽 Glucose:葡萄糖聽 Mannose:甘露糖聽 Fructose:果糖聽 Phosphorylation:磷酸化聽 Dephosphorylation:去磷酸化聽 cascading聽fashion:级联方式聽 phosphoenolpyruvate:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸聽 Periplasmic:周质的聽 periplasmic聽-binding聽protein:周质结合蛋白聽 maltose:麦芽糖聽 disaccharide聽sugar:双糖聽 a聽family聽of聽related聽proteins:相关蛋白的家族聽 High聽affinity聽for聽substrate:对底物的高亲和力聽 Hydrolysis:水解聽 drive聽transport聽across聽the聽membrane:促进跨膜运输聽 translocase:移位酶聽 amylase:淀粉酶聽 cellulase:纤维素酶聽 starch:淀粉聽 cellulose:纤维素聽 toxin:毒素聽 deleterious:有害的聽 solutes:溶质聽 turgor聽pressure:膨胀压聽 Multilayered聽structure聽and聽complex:多层结构和复合体聽 Periplasm聽space:周质空间聽 Teichoic聽acids:磷壁酸聽 ribitol聽phosphate聽residues聽核糖醇磷酸盐残基聽 Lipoteichoic聽acid:脂磷壁酸聽 Murein:胞壁质聽 Derive:衍生物聽 N-acetylglucosamine聽(G):N—乙酰葡糖胺聽 N-acetylmuramic聽acid聽(M):N—乙酰胞壁酸聽 L-alanine:L—丙氨酸聽 D-glutamic聽acid:D—谷氨酸聽 L-lysine:L—赖氨酸 diaminopimelic聽acid聽(DAP):二氨基庚二酸聽 tetrapeptide:四肽聽 glycan:聚糖聽 脽-1,4聽linkage:脽-1,4聽连接聽 interbridge:肽间桥聽 capsular聽polymers:荚膜聽 Protoplasts:原生质体聽 Spheroplasts:原生质球聽 Mycoplasma:支原体聽 Osmotically:渗透地聽 Thermoplasma:热原体属聽 Lysozyme:溶菌酶聽 Penicillin:青霉素聽 脽-1,4聽-glycosidic聽bonds:脽-1,4聽糖苷键聽 saliva:唾液聽 autolysin:自溶素聽 transpeptidation:转肽聽 Pseudopeptidoglycan:假肽聚糖聽 N-acetyltalosaminuronic聽acids:N-乙酰塔罗糖胺糖醛酸聽 Glycosidic聽bonds:糖苷键聽 Polysaccharide:多糖聽 Glycoprotein:糖蛋白聽 Methanosarcina:甲烷八叠球菌聽 glucuronic聽acid聽葡糖醛酸:聽 galactosamine:半乳糖胺聽 acetate:乙酸聽 haiophilic聽Archaea:嗜盐古生菌聽 Halococcus:盐球菌聽 Paracrystalline聽surface聽layer:类结晶表面层聽 hexagonal聽symmetry:六角对称聽 lipopolysaccharide聽(LPS聽layer)聽聽:脂多糖聽 Core聽polysaccharide:核心多糖聽 O-polysaccharide:O—特异侧链聽 LipidA:类脂聽A聽 Disaccharide:双糖聽 Endotoxin:内毒素聽 Pathogenic:致病的聽 Shigella:志贺氏菌属聽 mol-weight聽聽:分子量聽 Hydrolytic聽enzymes:水解酶聽 Chemoreceptor:化学受体聽 Flagella:鞭毛(复数)聽 Flagellum:鞭毛聽 Peritrichous:周生聽 Polar:极生聽 Lophotrichous:丛生聽 Filament:鞭毛丝聽 Flagellin:鞭毛蛋白聽 Hook:钩聽 motor聽portion:motor聽蛋白聽 L-ring:L聽环聽 P-ring:P聽环聽 MS-ring:MS聽环聽 Flexing:摆动聽 Cheetah:猎豹聽 Gliding:滑动聽 Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌聽 Myxococcus聽xanthus:黄色粘球菌聽 physical聽or聽chemical聽gradients:物理或化学梯度聽 Chemotaxes:趋化性聽 Phototaxes:趋光性聽 Other聽Taxes:其他趋性聽 Temporal:时间的聽 Spatial:空间的聽 Tumbles:翻滚聽 Attractant:引诱剂聽 Scotophobotaxis聽(darkness聽escaping聽phototaxis):避暗趋光性聽 Aerotaxis:趋氧性聽 Osmotaxis:趋渗透性聽 Elucidated:阐述聽 signal聽transduction聽pathway,:信号传导途径聽 Gas聽Vesicle:气泡聽 Endospore:芽孢聽 Fimbriae:菌毛聽 Pili:性毛聽 Pellicles:菌膜聽 Conjugation:接合聽 Symmetries:对称性聽 Capsules聽and聽Slime聽Layers:荚膜和黏液层聽 The聽Glycocalyx:多糖包被聽 Matrix:矩阵聽 Deformed:变形聽 Phagocytic:吞噬细胞的聽 Desiccation:干燥作用聽 Carbon聽Storage聽Polymers:碳源贮存物聽 PHB,聽poly-脽-hydroxybutyric聽acid:聚聽脽羟丁酸聽 PHA,聽poly-脽-hydroxyalkanoate:聚聽脽羟基链烷酸聽 Magnetosomes:磁小体聽 Intracellular聽crystal聽particles:细胞内晶体颗粒聽 Magnetotaxis:趋磁性聽 aquatic聽Bacteria:水生细菌聽 buoyancy:浮力聽 purple聽and聽green聽phototrophic聽bacteria:紫色和绿色光养细菌聽 watertight:防水的聽 ribs:脊聽 脽-sheet:脽折叠聽 膮-helix:膮螺旋聽 Germination:萌发聽 Halotolerant:耐盐的聽 Permian:休眠聽 Dominican聽amber聽 Gut:消化道聽 Morphology:形态学聽 Refractile:折光的聽 Exosporium:孢子外壁聽 Cortex:皮层聽 Calcium-dipicolinic聽acid聽complex:钙—吡啶二羧酸聽 Cytoplasm:细胞质聽 Small聽acid-soluble聽spore聽proteins聽(SASPs:酸溶小芽孢蛋白聽 Ceases:终止聽 Sporulation:芽孢形成 Bacillus聽subtili:枯草芽孢杆菌聽s聽 Outgrowth:生长聽 |
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